Chemistry Investigation to find the Empirical Formula of Magnesium Oxide Essay

During the experiment the crucible used was slightly damaged however did not continue to break or cause any inconvenience to the investigation. For approximately ten minutes, no reaction was visible. The substance contained no odour. After approximately fifteen minutes the piece of magnesium commenced to burn with an overall duration of twenty minutes. When burnt, the magnesium converted to bright orange colour. During the reaction the lid of the crucible was lifted to see any changes or if the magnesium had combusted, and whilst doing this white smoke escaped the crucible which may perhaps be magnesium oxide. By the completion of the reaction, it was noticed that not all of the magnesium was combusted and left some silvery remnants. *Missing numbers are due to incomplete number of trials by the groups and/or the results lacked in validity Data Processing From the data collected from the reaction of magnesium (mg) with oxygen was used to calculate the empirical formulae and to obtain the uncertainties. The tables are arranged in a chronological order of the process of data. With the process of data will produce the empirical formulae which will be used to compare with a theoretical value. A graph is included to assist in the comparison of the theoretical empirical formulae to the experimented empirical formulae in a visual format. Sample Calculations To acquire the data required to evaluate the empirical formulae, the mass and moles of Mg, O and MgO were required to be calculated first. Once that is completed, there would be enough information to then calculate the empirical formulae to then compare it to the theoretical value. Table 2 – Sample calculation when finding the mass and mole of the magnesium, oxygen and magnesium oxide (g), percentage uncertainty and empirical formulae. Conclusion and Justification The hypothesis of this investigation was that the mass of magnesium after combustion could be used to calculate the empirical formula of magnesium oxide and it has been established that the hypothesis is supported. Throughout the processing of data many results were removed die to the lack of validity. Thus, the data collected provided inaccurate results. When represented in Graph 1 the result did not was not equivalent to the theoretical ratio of 1 : 1. Nevertheless, when displayed in Table 6 the average ratio was 1 : 1 matching the theoretical of 1 : 1 which supports the hypothesis. Evaluation of Data In Graph 1, it was noticed that there were many random errors with the experiment. Such as, the constant opening of the lid when checking for the combustion during the investigation would have caused temperature changes thus, slower the combustion of the Mg. As displayed at the bottom of each table, many of the collected data were disposed as they were not valid. With many of the data remove the number of trials decreased along with the reliability. The precision of the data can be shown by the R2 on Graph 1. The R2 value represents the decent fit to which the range from 0.1 to 1. In this investigation, the R2 value is 0.0351 which indicates that the data was not accurate which in turn reveals that there was perhaps lack of precision. Which again adds the inaccuracy of the data that does not agree with the theoretical value of 1 : 1 to be imprecise. Overall, this investigation has provided data that is neither precise nor reliable due to the trials completed by group of researchers. Also, the empirical formula may have been affected by the rounding of three decimal places. However, the rounding of the decimal places may not significantly affect the reliability of the experiment. Suggestion for Improvements At the beginning of the experiment, the Bunsen burner was not under the crucible and We had to move the Bunsen burner directly under the crucible. Because of this it may have affected how much heat interacts with the magnesium. In a replication of this investigation it is advised that the Bunsen burner is to be placed directly under the crucible. This should also be written in the method. A Major error in the experiment was that many of the trials within the raw data were removed do to the lack of validity. These were generally due to the miss interpretation of mass or the mass had not been recorded. Because these errors came from having too many researchers doing each trial, perhaps having a smaller group of researcher will able to generate reliable results by reducing the random errors. The method required the lid to be lifted up quickly .However, due to infor a while the lifted was lifted up and not placed down until after a few moments and the heat or magnesium oxide could have escaped from therefore affecting the results. And so, if this repeated the lifting of the lid should be constantly and quickly. Or, utilise a transparent crucible that allows the observation of the Mg but still containing the MgO. The window was open during the experiment which caused the loss of MgO due to the strength of the wind. To minimise the loss of MgO it would be recommended for the experiment to be conducted within a fume cupboard so that no wind could increase the loss of MgO when opening the lid or as stated before a transparent crucible would allow the observation of the Mg without the need to open the lid of the crucible.

Comparison Between the Cost of Living in Ecuador and the United States

The Cost of Living between Ecuador and the United States The cost of living between Ecuador and the United States shows several differences, but this essay is going to focus on two of the most common ones. The first one is the rental price of an apartment and the second one is the cost of clothing and shoes. First, the rental price of an apartment of three bedrooms in Ecuador is around 500 dollars; on the other hand, this cost is much higher in the United States; actually, an American family has to pay about 1500 dollars for renting an apartment with these characteristics.In short, renting an apartment in Ecuador is three times less expensive than renting it in the United States. Second, the price of the clothing and the shoes is extremely expensive in Ecuador, for example: if a person wants to buy one pair of Nike shoes, that person has to pay about 300 dollars, whereas in the United States if someone buys the same pair of shoes, he/she pays around 150 dollars.Moreover, an American woman can get a Calvin Klein coat paying 250 dollars, while in Ecuador a woman has to pay almost 1000 dollars for getting the same piece of clothing. In brief, both the price of clothing and the cost of shoes are more accessible in the United States than in Ecuador. In conclusion, both Ecuador and the United States display certain differences in the cost of living but the most popular are the ones related to the rental price of an apartment and the cost of the clothes and shoes.

Ability To Efficiently Process Local Stimuli Psychology Essay

Ability To Efficiently Process Local Stimuli Psychology Essay This study is a replication of Navons third experiment in his 1977 paper Forest Before Trees. Participants are shown a large letter the global stimulus made up of smaller letters the local stimuli. The small and large letters are either consistent or contradictory. Participants were asked to identify the local stimuli. The aim was to determine whether global stimuli affected the reaction time of identifying local stimuli when the two are incongruent. 51 undergraduate students took part in the study which was an opportunity sample. This was a laboratory experiment of a repeated measures design. It was found that a contradicting global stimulus significantly affects the reaction time of identifying the local stimulus. From the results collected it can be concluded that global processing does affect local processing when the two figures are inconsistent and that incongruent stimuli cause a significantly delayed response to identifying the local stimuli. Is our ability to perceive and r ecognise local stimuli affected when local and global stimuli are incongruent? According to the theory of bottom-up processing, the whole is built up from its individual components. This would suggest that we first identify the local stimulus before perceiving the global one, implying that our ability to recognise the local stimulus should not be affected by the global one. However the Gestaltist law of common fate contradicts this in suggesting that we perceive the global stimulus as all of the local stimuli are positioned together to form it. Navon (1977) suggested in his paper ‘Forest Before Trees: The Precedence of Global Features in Visual Perception’ that we initially perceive the global structure and proceed to break it down to identify its components. He tested this by showing participants a large letter composed of smaller letters arranged to form the shape of the large letter. The small and large letters were either congruent or incongruent, and participants h ad to identify the small letter as quickly as possible. In this study, Navon’s original experiment was replicated to test whether the global letter affects the time taken to identify the local letter, comparing between when these letters are congruent or incongruent. The purpose of this study was to compare our findings to those already existing from Navon’s experiment to either corroborate or contradict his findings, and then discuss the possible explanations for the manner of global and local processing and how this can be applied to the real world and implicate possible future research. This study looks at whether global or local stimuli are perceived first and whether incongruence between them affects the speed at which they are recognised. Based on Navon’s findings, we expect that there will be an effect on reaction time when the local and global letters are incongruent, with it taking a significantly longer time to identify the local stimuli compared to wh en all stimuli are congruent. Method Design: This experiment was a laboratory experiment with a repeated measures design, in that the same group of participants performed the task a number of times in a row. The independent variable was the congruence of the stimuli, and the dependent variable being measured was the participant’s reaction time in seconds. The independent variable is nominal and the dependent variable is linear. All participants were tested at the same time under the same conditions, in the same setting; however this cannot account for personal factors such as attention or fatigue.

History and Political Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

History and Political Science - Essay Example However, with independence and exacerbated peace missions across warring countries, this has changed over time. Many states around the world are independent and sovereign. China and Germany for example were ruined after the Second World War, but have emerged as leading world powers today, right from the post-war period. Security measures, trade and financial systems are essential factors that are promoting global relations today, enhancing the persistent globalization process. Modernization and contemporary trends in cultural, social, economic and political aspects define globalization today. Globalization is a process that has been going on for quite a long time now. It is this process that has resulted in global power shifts between states. The start of globalization is a historical phenomenon. It is dated decades of years ago, when states began to unite against others. Different states were objective about accumulating significant authority and power against others. The idea was t o dominate weaker states by strong states. In this regard, it was necessary that states unite to concentrate their powers and authority. On the same note, other objectives were realized in the process, characterized by global powers that keep shifting from time to time. Globalization is a diverse concept that is defined by numerous concepts, each of which is unique from one state to another. Converging cultural, social, economic and political practices are central to globalization in the modern times. It is highly characterized by interconnectedness of modes and means of communication that make it easy for the entire world to keep in touch. Populations in many states today have both locals and foreigners. The slave trade and migration of persons from one state to another marked the start of contemporary globalization. The moving out of business enterprises from their locales to international locations further exacerbated globalization and state relationships. The start of globalizat ion is basically seen from its definition. Globalization in the global power between states context is defined as an expanded economic integration, characterized by interdependence of states through international free trade, market economies, investments and capital flows (Raymond, Barbara and Bob, p.121-122). This process started as soon as world states began to realize their rights and freedoms at a time when weaker states were dominated by string states. The fading away of colonialism, slave trade and war between states marked the start of globalization. This was also the start of the realization of global power between states. Global politics have from then become diversely distributed, with globalization acting as the shaping power of the said distribution. The influence of global commerce has significantly led to the realized trends in global power between states. Multinational corporations and Bretton Woods institutions have further accelerated the influence of globalization on global powers and authorities. This has been aided by ease in international communication and transport, collaboration between states and technological advancements from time to time. (Raymond, Barbara and Bob, p.122) says, â€Å"global commerce linked with the spread of global fibre-optic networks, digitization, satellite communications, the world wide web and computer technology have impacted state-to-state power relations dramatically.† The effects of globalization

Write a discussion in the form of a literature review that identifies Essay

Write a discussion in the form of a literature review that identifies what the different research philosophies are - Essay Example Thus, the choice of methodology for answering a research question or investigating a specific problem is an important decision for the final result or outcome. The way in which people collect and interpret data or information during the research is broadly varying and depends on the research philosophy followed by a researcher. Every methodology has its own philosophical groundwork, which is important for understanding as it promotes better informed research (Eriksson & Kovalainen, 2008). The aim of this research is to provide an overview of the literature related to various research philosophies including both ontological and epistemological research stances, and to explore such main philosophical research paradigms, as idealism, realism, positivism, interpretivism, pragmatism, and phenomenology. Saunders, Lewis, and Thornhill (2012) explain that practically every stage of research process is based on assumptions about human knowledge, and state that these assumptions shape the researcher’s understanding of the questions he/she is looking answers for. Therefore, assumptions of the researcher predefine his/her research philosophy – the way which he or she views the world (Saunders, Lewis, and Thornhill, 2012; Crossan, 2003). Research philosophy is defined by Saunders, Lewis, and Thornhill (2012, p. 127) as â€Å"the development of knowledge and the nature of that knowledge†. Proctor (1998) explains that research philosophies depend on the level of enquiry and can be differentiated by three categories: epistemological (what can be known?); ontological (what is the nature of reality?); and methodological (how can a researcher explore/find what he/she believes can be known?). More detailed overview of ontological and epistemological stances in provided in th e next section. While researchers rarely take time to explore and analyze assumptions related to their personal values, this practice could be very helpful in understanding wider

Choose a good topic for me Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Choose a good topic for me - Essay Example Yusuf describes it as westernization. The globalization has been elaborated well by the media, which disseminates information to the entire world, making the world appear as just a small global village (2:41a). Globalization has therefore enabled people to gain education from abroad especially from the west. The beneficiaries of this high-quality education and intellect can then travel back to their countries and develop them, thus benefitting the society at large (33:10a). Yusuf argues that the best intellect originated from the West, a reason majority of scholars will fly there to gain it, he gives the example of the reporter Dr. Khaja who is from India but now working in the West (4:31b). Although there has never been an ideal government that existed, Yusuf points out that Islamic governance has existed for long enough and can, therefore, be regarded as a good form of government. The globalization discussed can, therefore, bring brotherhood in the sense that those who gain the intellect from other countries can use the intellect to assist their country people, which is a virtue of good action. The democracy which has come with the globalization can then be used to solve problems which could otherwise bring harm to the

The Aspects of Pablo Picasso's Life Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Aspects of Pablo Picasso's Life - Assignment Example The paper "The Aspects of Pablo Picasso's Life" gives a review of Pablo Picasso's life. It would not be an exaggeration to suggest that every person who is not even distantly connected to art has heard of Pablo Picasso. This paper will explore some of the aspects of his life. A Spanish painter, Pablo Picasso was one of the founders of the movement called Cubism. He was born on 25 October 1881 in Malaga, Spain and died at the age of 91 in Mougins, France. He did not have any physical, mental or emotional problems, exception for excessive passion for women. Speaking of his marriage, one should note that he was married twice: first time to Olga Khokhlova, a Russian ballerina, and second time to Jacqueline Roque. In spite of that fact he also had numerous affairs and children, for example from a seventeen year old girl named Marie-Thà ©rà ¨se Walter. The family of Picassos consisted of a father who was a curator in museum and a mother. Picasso struggled with different things in the cou rse of his life: he had numerous relationships, some of which he had to keep a secret; he opposed to different social as well as religious orders, fighting for his own vision of the world. As for his artistic legacy, one should note the following works: Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, The Weeping Woman and Guernica. They all laid a foundation of different movements which have influence the development of art for the centuries to come. Thus, there were different styles that Picasso used: there was some realism.

MGMT458 U3 DB Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

MGMT458 U3 DB - Research Paper Example Harsh economic shifts lead to collapse of numerous businesses; thus, loss of human capital. Tough competition also plays a huge role in human capital retention (Baron, 2007). If the company’s HR cannot devise programs and incentives that maintain their main employees, most likely they will be attracted to performing companies that require their skills. Internally, the compensation policy of a company will either attract or discourage the human capital (Baron, 2007). If the compensation policy and structure do not favor the employees, they are likely to leave and look more benefits from another employer. The relations as designed by the HR department determine the retention of human capital (Baron, 2007). If the HR department is not keen on training their employees on proper relations among the staff, divisions will exist; thus, high levels of staff turnover. The HR department must also ensure that they allow for collective bargaining so as all employees are represented (Baron,

Higher & Higher Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Higher & Higher - Coursework Example Why? 5 4. Do you think of Zhang’s goals for his company? What must the company do to exploit its resources and capabilities in order to reach these goals? 6 Reference 8 1. What resources and capabilities does the Haier Group appear to have? Are any of these capabilities distinctive? Explain. What will it take to make its capabilities distinctive? One of the most prominent capabilities developed by the company is its diverse variety of products in the home appliance market inclusive of consumer electronic products, air conditioners, computers, mobile phones, washing machines, microwave ovens, televisions, refrigerators etc. This wide diversity of products allows the company to capture a considerably large portion of the market including households and large corporate also (Hunt, p.2-5). Sound technology used by the company clearly distinguishes it from its competitors. In many nations, such as India the company was able to acquire large proportions of the market using technolog ical and innovative changes in its products and product lines in order to cater to the changing needs and requirements of customers (Hunt, p.2-5). Strong innovation initiatives are one aspect which distinguishes the company for its competitors. The company has always strived to add value to its products and product lines with the purpose of serving the niche markets in a better way compared to its competitors. This is particularly helped the company in attaining the faith and loyalty of customers as one of the most trusted brand names and superior deliverer of quality products in the global market (Hunt, p.2-5). One of the most distinctive capabilities of the company has been cater to individual needs of the nations where it had operated. Its strategies have been different for different countries, like India, China etc. For example, although its e-business strategies were not really welcome in China because of its lack of technical knowhow and infrastructure and consumers remain rel uctant to use the internet as a common medium for doing business, the company has been successful in penetrating into the Chinese market by successfully implementing an e-business strategy that was particularly customised for the Chinese market (Roger, p.651). 2. What strengths and weaknesses does the Haier Group appear to have? How could it prevent its strengths from becoming weaknesses? Strengths One of the main strengths of the company is its wide range of innovative products which has successfully made its entry into the global economy. For example, one of its most prominent and innovative products was the frog shaped television console which could be doubled like a night light and which would automatically ask questions on maths problems to the kids before they switched it off. Some of the other innovative products included compact refrigerators, office refrigerators and wine coolers. The company has also successfully shown radical improvement in its product qualities driven by the initiative of its CEO Ruimin. Clear vision, strict discipline coupled with requisite efforts from the part of the CEO has acted as an active strength for the company in expanding its size across the international market and beat some of the major competitor players in the market like Whirlpool, General Electric, Electrolux and LG Electronics (Alon, p.62). Weaknesses The Chinese brands have inherently carried the name of low end and low quality of products. This image has spread worldwide which consistently acts as a

Phonetics and Phonology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Phonetics and Phonology - Essay Example This paper examines the nature and purpose of the traditional system of phonetic notation and analysis which is based upon units of analysis called â€Å"segments†. It outlines the usefulness of this concept, and also its limitations, especially in the light of modern technologies which provide a wealth of very detailed scientific data on how sounds are produced by the human organs of speech. The concept of â€Å"coarticulation† is presented against the background of these traditional and more modern methodologies for analysing human speech, and finally Laver’s (1994) view of coarticulation is evaluated in depth using examples from English and a few other languages. When a person speaks in any human language the sound emerges in a stream without any clear breaks between words. This is of course very difficult to analyse in one fluid stream and so scholars over the years have had to devise a method of breaking human speech into component parts. A fundamental distinction between vowels and consonants is one of the most obvious that can be made and forms the basis of standard phonetic notation. Vowels are sounds which emerge in a stream of air coming through the mouth and consonants are sounds which occur when this air is interrupted, or stopped by one or more of the speech organs such as the vocal cord, tongue, lips and teeth. A vowel and consonant occurring together are termed a syllable. These distinctions are represented in the world’s alphabets by various systems of written symbols, so that most people are familiar with these simple concepts. In phonetics there are more precise terms to describe the nature of the stops, and there are s everal notational systems such as the International Phonetic Alphabet which capture individual phonemes. These international conventions are very useful for distinguishing between the sounds of different languages, or of different speakers using the same language. All of these descriptors of small parts

Subverted 19th Century Traditional Social Mores and Norms in Dracula Essay Example for Free

Subverted 19th Century Traditional Social Mores and Norms in Dracula Essay Bram Stoker’s Dracula remains one of the more recognizable novels of its genre despite being published in 1897. A classic horror story which has been retold and produced over and over again since its original publication, Dracula was especially disturbing when it originally was released because of how Stoker attacks Victorian era social mores and norms throughout the entire novel. Stoker subverts traditional 19th Century social mores and norms in Dracula through the portrayal of sexually aggressive and assertive females, Jonathan and Mina’s relationship, and the inverse of Maternity. One of the first examples of Stoker’s subverting of traditional social mores and norms in his novel is Dracula’s Wives. Our first encounter with the â€Å"weird sisters† comes when they approach Jonathan Harker at the Count’s mansion. Christopher Craft described the scene in his reflection as so â€Å"Immobilized by the competing imperatives of ‘wicked desire’ and ‘deadly fear,’ Harker awaits an erotic fulfillment that entails both the dissolution of the boundaries of the self and the thorough subversion of conventional Victorian gender codes,† (Stoker, Auerbach, and Skal 444). Craft is correct that this is a clear subversion of conventional Victorian gender norms. Both Jonathan and the Dracula’s Wives represent a total reversal of what would have been considered normal or appropriate in the 19th Century. Dracula’s Wives are the aggressors in this sexual scene while Jonathan is the passive or cautious sexual partner. His anticipation of the bite from one of the weird sisters is similar to that of a virgin woman waiting for her partner to penetrate her for the first time. The weird sisters represent the total opposite of what a proper Victorian woman is supposed to resemble. They are sexually aggressive and assertive instead of passive and prude. Another female character that occasionally reveals what would be considered very disturbing at the time of the novel’s publication is Lucy. Lucy at one point mentions to Mina that she wishes she didn’t have to choose just one man to be with and that she wishes she could be with all of them. Such a thought was considered scandalous during the time period and even though Lucy is aware that what she is saying is inappropriate she is not able to keep from expressing her true desires to Mina. The wives and Lucy are a few of the key xpressions of subverted 19th century norms in Bram Stoker’s Dracula. Jonathan and Mina’s relationship is another example of Stoker’s subverting of traditional 19th century social mores and norms in his classic story. Throughout the book we see Jonathan and Mina’s characters switch gender roles from a more traditional representation to an inverted r epresentation. Mina is no ordinary Victorian age female. She does desire to serve her husband and unlike Lucy doesn’t express the desire to be with any other partners, but Mina is special in the eyes of the male characters in the story. Van Helsing and the other men believe Mina’s mind to be like that of a man. This would be considered a huge compliment at the time because women were not often thought of being capable of thinking on the same intellectual level as men. On the other hand, Jonathan begins to fall apart. He suffers from fevers which cause him to have fits of almost insanity. During this time he certainly is not thinking on the intellectual level that he once did and it is clear that Mina is the more enlightened of the two lovers. This represents one inversion of traditional gender norms. People didn’t considered that a woman could be the more capable mind in a relationship but that is precisely what Mina is during the majority of the novel. That is not the only example of gender reversal in Dracula, at one point Jonathan becomes faint in public and to keep him from falling Mina supports him. It would have been considered very odd to see a woman in public supporting a man like this. Stoker uses Mina and Jonathan’s relationship as another subversion of 19th century traditional social mores and norms in Dracula. Perhaps the most disturbing aspect of Stoker’s Dracula is the inverse of maternity. The inverse of maternity represents an almost perfect subversion of traditional 19th century social mores and norms. Craft also wrote is his reflection, â€Å"Stoker emphasizes the monstrosity implicit in such abrogation of gender codes by inverting a favorite Victorian maternal function,† (Stoker, Auerbach, and Skal 453). Maternity hasn’t changed much sense the 19th century, women are expected to care for the children above all other responsibilities. Needless to say the feeding on defenseless children by Lucy and Dracula’s Wives is a complete opposite of maternity. The feasting on children is particular disturbing and shocking no matter what era one is born in and represents what is a predominate theme in Dracula the inverse of Maternity. Another example of the inverse of Maternity is the scene in which Dracula cuts his own breast and forces Mina to drink from his wound. Craft writes, â€Å"We are at the Count’s breast, encouraged once again to substitute white for red, as blood becomes milk,† (Stoker, Auerbach, and Skal 458). This interpretation is consistent with what I found. Clearly Stoker is creating a disturbing image that resembles a mother feeding her baby and totally turns maternity on its head. Craft goes on to suggest that perhaps the scene represents more than just an inverse of maternity and that the blood Mina drinks from the Count is actually semen. I agree that the scene resembles forced fellatio but the resemblance to a mother feeding her baby is too obvious a connection not to be made. Inverse of maternity is the true symbol of this scene. In many ways Dracula can be viewed as ahead of its time. Many of the story’s developments, which were considered to be horrifying during the Victorian age, don’t cause many to bat an eyelash in today’s society. Stoker subverts traditional 19th century social mores and norms in Dracula through the portrayal of sexually aggressive and assertive females, Jonathan and Mina’s relationship, and the inverse of Maternity.

Learning outcome Essay Example for Free

Learning outcome Essay Understand diversity, equality and inclusion in own area of responsibility 1.1.1There are two models that link with equality, diversity and inclusion, the first one is the social model of disability which views discrimination and prejudice as being embedded in today’s society, their attitude’s and their surrounding environment. The social model focuses on who the adult is as person not what their disability or diagnosis is, the focus is on how to improve and empower the individual’s life and lead a more independent life as possible. The second model is the medical model of disability which views adults has having an impairment or lacking in some way, this model focuses on impairments that the adult has and finding and acknowledging ways to correct them. The client group at my current place of work are adults with mild learning disability and some of the residents have a dual diagnosis of mental health issues as well. Both the social and medical model has an impact on their daily life. The companys’s ethos is to empower the residents and in able them to lead a normal life as possible. This is done by providing and engaging them in their own individualised person centred plans and asking their opinions on what they like how they like it etc. allowing them to make informed choices for them self and whether they have the capacity to make these decisions. 1.2 Analyse the potential effects of barriers to equality and inclusion in own area of responsibility The potential effects that the residents will experience in this care setting are prejudice and discrimination. Prejudice happens when society lacks education and the understanding of different cultures and how society looks at it. Prejudice begins by making assumptions of a certain client group i.e. people with learning disability and mental health issues are put into a certain box. 3.1 Analyse how systems and processes can promote equality and inclusion or reinforce discrimination and exclusion †¢The Equality Act is a legislation that is in place to ensure that people are given equal rights and opportunities regardless of their age, gender, disability, race,religion or belief and sexual orientation. This legislation promotes diversity, equality and inclusion by making it a requirement that they are commonly practiced and incorporated into the health and social care setting, making it illegal to discriminate against a person/or persons for any reason. The main Acts incorporated into the Equality Act 2010 are; †¢ The Care Quality Commission †¢ The Disability Discrimination Act 2005 †¢ Human Rights Act 1998 †¢ The Equal Pay Act 1970 †¢ The Sex Discrimination Act 1999 †¢ The Race Relations Act 2003 If these code’s of practice and legislations where not to be followed the consequences can be diverse. They can effect just one individual or can effect an entire team of social care workers. By not following the codes of practice and the legislation you could cause a service user to feel discriminated against which would have negative effects such as making them feel isolated or un-heard and could lead to more problems that would effect the people around them as well as the individual . By not using inclusive practice you may find that the service user might be put in a situation in which they are not happy which could make them act out in a way that could effect their future and how other team members interact with them. †¢ [The service has a low number of service users from other black and cultural backgrounds †¢There are few staff members from black and cultural backgrounds (I have recently recruited a female member of staff who originates from Ghana ) †¢Some service users display prejudice by refusing support from a balck worker †¢Waiting for a disabled woman to be clear through the CRB process to become a volunteer focusing on media and creative writing. †¢Decision making processes for service users through the person centred plans which for some of the people in the service I manage still are powerless as staff determine outcomes for the person especially for people with limited communication. There are a number of people who are institutionalised and because they are older this is unlikely to change. †¢Staff attitudes towards women for example saying â€Å"Hey girl† I respond to this by saying my name is Alison and I manage the service. I feel there islittle respect of people’s positions within the organisation. There needs to be teaching of prof essionalism staff using appropriate language when in the work place. I feel undermined as a woman †¢Work policy systems for discrimination †¢Simple changes as everyone using the same mugs and staff having drinks at the same time as people who use the service. †¢Equality Act 2010 is the law that bands unfair treatment and helps achieve equal opportunities in the work place and wider society. †¢Promote – cultural diversity social work student on 9 week placement from the Check Republic unable spend quality time with her to discuss how the service †¢Ankar Hindu temple celebration of their 8 night festival †¢Health wellbeing day promotion of healthy Asian finger foods for many people who attended the day this was a new experience including myself. 3.2 †¢it is important to promote equality and explain without causing offence why some practices are unacceptable â€Å"The key anti-oppressive component of personal ands social history discussed in chapter one understanding and valuing the cultural and spiritual heritage of families and communities within which individuals are situated, but recognising the continually changing dynamics of that experience.† (Burke, Clifford 2009:11) Anti-Oppressive ethics and values in Social Work Derek Clifford and Beverley Burke †¢Creating an environment to learn through music and singing for example gospel choir. †¢The organisation is predominately white with its origins from the Christian Brothers established in Belgium. Their principles for caring for orphaned children and children with disabilities. †¢As a manager it is important to ensure that people are given the opportunity to make informed decisions Burke, B. Clifford, C. (2009) Anti-Oppressive Ethics and Values in Social Work, Palgrave Macmillan 3.3 †¢Organise different cultural days /celebrations †¢Recruit more volunteers from cultural background †¢Out reach work with other cultures and religions allowing people to gain insight into how other people live. 4 Be able to manage the risks presented when balancing individual rights and professional duty of care. 4.1 The people I am responsible for have varying degrees of learning disabilities therefore their level of understanding in some cases is limited owing to their life experiences. †¢The majority of people have never had the opportunity to make informed decisions. The Mental Capacity Act 2005 states that you can make decisions acting in persons best interests. †¢Duty of care ensuring a person is not put at risk and keeping people safe. It is difficult for some staff to understand the power they hold and †¢don’t always make the best decision for the person. 4.2 †¢Informed choice this is giving people the appropriate information to make a decision. †¢It has to be in a format that the person understands such as easy read pictorial as most people who I support have limited literacy skills. Using pictures are and basic sign language can help. †¢Service user group meets monthly chaired by the people who use the service to discuss what happens in the service 4.3 †¢Individual capacity is based on a persons IQ and socialisation from childhood to adulthood most behaviour’s are learned. The people I support in most cases have been with the organisation since childhood there fore are institutionalised so decision making is very difficult for them. It is almost subservient wanting to please the member of staff by agreeing through repeating what the staff member had said. You could argue that the people we support are conditioned to give their personal power away to staff. There are minority of staff who say they acting in the person’s best interests but are actually exploiting their power. 4.4 Propose a strategy to manage risks †¢Financial policy when handling peoples personal monies ensuring they are supported to handle their own money to the best of their ability. †¢Assess the persons capacity level of understanding †¢Work on a life skill guiding the person through decision making stages †¢Write a risk assessment for each activity undertaken. †¢Travelling alone in taxis ring the person’s home first to check support staff are there. Ring for taxi. Support person into the taxi give taxi information on whether the person can talk confirm address and that a member of staff will meet the person at the final destination and pay. \r\ing person’s home to inform they have left in the taxi give the taxi company details, description of driver and car.

Importance Of Contextual Theology In And Of Africa

Importance Of Contextual Theology In And Of Africa The subject of contextual theology in Africa is of current interest as it flows into the contextual theology of Africa in the wider world through its links with, and affect on the growth of, Pentecostalism within and beyond its borders, due to globalisation. As both of these areas of contextual theology in Africa and of Africa have their positive and negative aspects, I wish to ask the question, What lessons can we learn from understanding the impact of setting and the history of contextual theology in and of Africa which can guide other establishing theological contexts, particularly of the Emergent Church and LGBTQI contexts, regardless of geographical location. The enormity of the subject requires that the scope of this essay be limited to consideration of Christology only, and in that I will particularly consider the work of Kwame Bediako (Bediako 2004), and compare other models of contextual theology (Bevans Schreiter 2002). The debates in Christology, its historical emergence in the early the church and in the African contexts, help us again recognise the implications for ministry to mind and body with fresh understanding of Christ as God and as Man, and how these various aspects relate to our praxis and theological method. This is no less important for understanding the dialogue with Islam as it is for understanding the impact on the historical divide between modern emerging contexts in Western and Non-Western cultures (other than Africa). I will also consider the positive benefits of globalisation and its positive effects on transmission of content and the sharing of method to the possible benefit of the whole church, made possible through dialogues with non-traditional settings and approaches that are emerging using the grass roots approach advocated in African contexts. In this I will consider some alternative modern Christologys from the LGBTQI context and draw some comparisons. I hope to suggest a n embryonic model for contextual theology which I shall call the Incarnational Model of Contextual Theology. African Christology on the cusp Globalisation Past and Present. Global impacts through empires whether they are Persian, Roman, or Colonial are outdone in speed and reach by the modern means of communications and travel, yet there remains many places that are still not enriched, and remain disconnected and controlled and limited by the theological context they have both inherited and developed. This is possibly because in poorer areas there are still the problems of translation and transmission, as well as exposure to other views, which are not facilitated or enabled by situational and resource poverty. In this, the grass roots are still dependant on a third party bringing them the corpus of knowledge; in that respect, they have in some ways simply exchanged their overlords without changing their situation. This means that they still lack independence. Thus, the positive benefits of globalisation remain to be fully exploited and could provide an appropriate vehicle for transmitting the lessons of contextual theology in and of Africa to other geog raphical regions and into non-academic grass-roots settings beyond its normal reaches, as well as allowing these areas to have free unhindered exchange with other groups. Without this, the theology in and of Africa will become in-bred and undeveloped. Comparison between Western and Southern Contexts of Christianity à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ½Lothar Schreiner defines Contextual Theology as: Contextual theology is theology predicated with reference to its context. Contextuality, then, means relation to the substance and nature of the context, which goes beyond merely the literary setting to include geographic, linguistic, social, political, cultural, and ideological factors. Contextual theology is faith-knowledge on the basis of both the biblical revelation and the contemporary reference. (Schreiner, in (Fahlbusch et al. 1999) In considering Christology in the Western and Southern contexts, represented by Northern European and North American contexts on one hand, and the African contexts on the other, there is a distinction which Tennent refers to as Theology from Below in Africa which integrates the work and person of Christ with the human situation and experience, compared to the more philosophical upper-side theology of the early church which has continued in the Western tradition. (Tennent 2007) However, Tennent does not give consideration to the current evangelical modernist approach to theology it adopted in engaging with post-Enlightenment challenges, which has an effect on openness to considering alternative methods in the first instance, let alone the conclusions one can draw from these methods. This has an effect on dialogue within the African contexts, especially where there are still some remnants of colonial influence, but more so in transitioning to a contextual theology of Africa in the Afri can Diaspora, the uncritical adoption of modern evangelicalism would stifle dialogue and raise contention in both academic and grass-roots settings of Western Theology. This is as important for inter-faith dialogue as it is for inter-contextual dialogue. (Musk 2008) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ½George Evers alludes to the recognition that African context exists in reality as a plurality of contexts, and notes that there is a desire for independent African theology, despite its theological roots in Christian History represented by the great North African theologians of antiquity, Tertullian, Cyrian and Augustine. (Evers in Fahlbusch et al. 1999) Bediako parallels the methods of early Hellenistic writers within the church, and how they approached the enculturation of the gospel within a peri-Christian Graeco-Roman context, with that of the modern approaches of African Christologys dealing with both their own pre-Christian past, as well as their adoptive history imported by colonial missionaries. In this he illustrates for example the use of Hellenistic terms such as logos and the transition to the use of kyrios in the early church and compares this to grass roots references to Christ as Ancestor (among others) anticipating a transition in time to other terminologies. (Bediako 2004, p.63) Tennent points to the work of Jaroslav Pelikan who shows that each epoch of the church has had a prominent image of Christ, which collectively builds our modern day Christology. Thus, he lists a Jewish Messiah, a Gentile Lord Jesus, a post-Constantinian King of Kings, the Universal Man of the renaissance, a war-time Prince of Peace, and moder n day liberator. Tennent rightly points out that these historical reflections can not dictate a moratorium on future Christologys (Tennent 2007, p.110). It is vital that we recognise that every context has the right to not just write in the margins of the depositum fidei, but must write in the corpus, adding their parts of the Christological puzzle. This is true for African contexts, as it is for any other, including the emerging and LGBTQI contexts. Therefore, the task of integrating Christian faith with authentic African identity becomes a central theme in the emergence of African Christology. (Tennent 2007, p.115) In throwing off the Great Chain of Being (Lovejoy 1990, p.59) African contexts offer an authentic and hopefully empathetic voice to emerging and alternative contexts held captive by the chains of others. But the message and methods need to spread beyond its borders, and out of its centres of academia to be of immediate benefit both locally and globally. Who do People say I am? Various pre-Christian references to Christ that have arisen from African Traditional Religions are explored by Bediako, as well as by Stinton, who also provides useful survey data for her conclusions (Stinton 2004, p.47) and by Tennent (Tennent 2007, p.105). Between them, they highlight several images of Christ that arise from the grassroots African Christologys listed below: Table 1: Images of Christ in African Christology Master of Initiation Healer Ancestor Loved one Chief Liberator Lord of the Spirits Host and Giver of Hospitality Christ as Ancestor is particularly well expounded by Bediako (Bediako 2004, p.25) and Tennent (Tennent 2007, p.122) and provides an interesting point of contention which ultimately demonstrates the pan-cultural relevance of Christ, as well as the immutability of His work, playing to the holistic approach of African Christology which integrates the person and work of Christ. Bediako struggles to link this to Western/Hellenistic parallel, and overlooks the concept of elder brother [a parallel concept within Ancestor] which can be found in the titles of Christ in Greek/Hellenistic thought, such as firstborn (Gk. Prototokos  [1]  ) which does not refer to first-to-be-born but rather the pre-eminent heir, or else only-begotten (Gk. Monogenes  [2]  ) that is the unique-one, especially when prefigured as Wisdom. Both these Western/Hellenistic images of Christ provide parallels of unique source, and therefore ultimate ancestor. There is also a clear parallel to ancestor as mediator a nd Christ as mediator par excellence. Similarly, in Christ as Healer, there is a potential over-lap of experience between African and LGBTQI contexts in their shared experience of HIV/AIDS. In my own experience, working as a trainer in healthcare in Transkei, East Cape, RSA among the Xhosa people of Masameni, we worked with Church leaders, tribal leaders, and local practitioners of African Traditional Religions (ATR) who carried out ritual-circumcision, and local healthcare volunteers. We were able to get them to adopt the use of a disposable scalpel and suggested this was a commemorative gift to the individual to mark their rite of passage. These scalpels were made available via local health partners free of charge. In this approach we were able to guard against transmission of infection while honouring their traditional religion. Alas, this message has not penetrated the wider community. (Meel 2005) Nonetheless, in the group we worked with, the notion of Christ the healer working through the body of Christ, his people, was embraced as a wonderful image and inspiration, which even the practitioners of ATR were able to support. In his essay, Ezekiel understands AIDS; AIDS understands Ezekiel LGBTQI writer Jim Mitulski speaks of his own journey with HIV/AIDS and parallels Ezekiel vision of the valley of dry bones with Christs unifying role in creation. (Mitulski in Goss M. West 2000a, p.155) For him, and for the people in the African continent living with HIV/AIDS, understanding Christ as healer and consummator unifier of faith enables difficult journeys through sickness, and perhaps towards death, to be based on a solid foundation of faith in Christ. There is no sophistry in this journey. There is no sugar coating. Nonetheless, Christ is central to the journey both as a fellow pilgrim and also as the object of pilgrimage. But, even when the bodies are dead and buried, there is a role for Christ unifying the body again from dry bones. This parallels Christologys of Christ in African where Christ i s Lord of the Spirits and/or Christ as Chief. Applied Contextualisation Relocating Christological themes again in and from the African context relies on careful contextualisation. Various theologians have used disparate methods and approaches. Both Sanneh Bediako place heavy emphasis on the use of African languages; this places them at one extreme of those who support the translational model of contextual theology. If humanity is the receptor of language as they contend, then culture should be both dictionary and thesaurus. Thus, to extend that metaphor, the Christological puzzle must be a polyglottal interlinear. What both writers go on to show is that the importance lies not just in linguistic equivalence, but in a cross-mapping of cultural domains of thought. Sannehs vernacular is balanced by Bediakos use of grassroots images such as Christ as Ancestor and Christ as Healer, with the latter author drawing close to an anthropological method. While Bediako insists that we ought to speak positively of oral, spontaneous, implicit or grass roots theology, as theology which comes from where the faith lives, in life-situation of the community of faith, he stops short of an anthropological model by stressing that alternative religions are not the source and do not shape Christian affirmations. (Bediako 2004, p.17) Yet, in this quotation I see great resonance with the approaches with LQBTQI communities to do likewise and allow the theology and Christology to come from where faith lives. The translational model presupposes a supra-contextual unchanging message, while a purely anthropological model uses the personal and communal encounter as its starting point, and in method, allows the grass-roots to self define. On this matter, Donovan here makes a clear distinction between the gospel as revelation and the communal response to this revelation as religion, and thus recognises the immutability of the gospel as well as stressing the importance of seeking the authentic commonality from within the context in all its richness. This parallels the who do you say I am approach from within LGBTQI contexts. (Bohache 2008) and would not differ much from other approaches employing reading against the scriptures as a hermeneutical tool. (G. O. West Shomanah 2000, p.250; G. West 1996) I have not found any Christological examples of this within Queer Christologys, but in essence, the reading-against approach is employed by Koch in employing a non-typical approach to hermeneutics, though it is not applied to Christology. (Stone 2001, p.169) We should note here that within African contexts there is a potential dichotomy between what is demanded for a context in and of Africa, and that which is granted or permitted by that context to other external contexts. Thus, it is sad to see the African church being so vociferous in the debate about homosexuality; a simple methodological analysis should surely grant other contexts the same privilege as was claimed and rightly demanded by African theologians in their quest for liberation. That is, for the gospel to be authentic, the gospel must operate from within the context. This is a major tenet on which I propose an Incarnational model of contextual theology; that is, Christs incarnation was the ultimate step of identification and required a transition into the human context but went beyond that in fully identifying with the marginalised of society in the face of religious opposition. The model therefore, in this respect, imitates that objective. In principle what I propose is a modified synthetic model, in as far as I recognise the importance of several models; Bediakos translational approach enables sympathy with Donovans anthropological approach. A liberationist approach would possibly go further in allowing the praxis within community to inform our Christology, but I am not aware of any such models emanating from the African context. Nonetheless, I disagree with Newbiggins Counter-Cultural model in as far as I disagree with the assumptions behind the use of the gospel. Like Donovan, I see it as immutable, and therefore while I agree with Newbiggins analysis that everything should be subject to the gospel, I disagree that the gospel should be seen as a tool for refutation and rejection of local context. There is no threat from syncretism when you view God and the Gospel as immutable, and when you merely use the notions within other contexts to continue to resolve the Christological puzzle. Bediako, in drawing short of a fu ll anthropological model, sides with Newbiggin in seeing the gospel as a refutation and rejecting tool. However, emerging from modern western contexts are post-evangelicals who are rejecting the modernist method adopted by post-enlightenment Christians as they engaged with opponents of their time. This approach was embedded into the western theology imported into the African context. This modernist approach is still evident in the post-colonial echoes as the remnant of adoptive history present in various contexts in Africa, and as it has survived in Western contexts also, it parallels with the contexts of Africa found in Pentecostalism in the west. Relationship, Re-appropriation and Redemption The Jewish atheist Buber has contributed to philosophy with his understanding the I-thou versus I-thee framework. Part of this work expounds the notion of deepening understanding of I-thee relationships (interpersonal, interfaith, inter-group) which comes from a deeper understanding of the I-thou relations (cosmic.) and vice versa (Buber 2004) One of the global problems the church faces in all contexts is the gap between academic theology and grass roots theology, and a lack of exchange between the two. Not only do different groups exist in silos, but there is a gap between academic and grass roots within silos. Thus, when cross-talk between the silos takes places, it is usually only at the academic level, and does not penetrate to the grass-roots. The Christological puzzle demands that the gospel be found within all contexts and that each contributes their own piece to the puzzle. However, each silo considers its own received knowledge as universal and normative. Thus we need to learn several lessons in considering Christologys in and of Africa. First that the gospel has nothing to fear from experimentation intended to unearth Christ from within the context. All the various models of contextual theology should be permitted. Secondly, we should allow each context to self-define in order to obtain both an authentic and relevant message which also has current rather than historical application. Thirdly, language and poverty are real obstacles to dissembling walls between academic and grass roots theology and are a major contributing factor to the failure in positive effects of globalisation. Despite non-textual approaches in some contexts, there needs to be greater dialogue between the silos including non-traditional groups from outside the normal scope of research, and also greater exchanges within silos between academic and grass-roots. I would include here post-modern and non-traditional groups such as the LGBTQIA groups. The Incarnational model therefore suggests that there should be not only a top-down and bottom up commun ication within silos, but there has to be communication between silos at all levels that is both practical and pragmatic, but also respectful. Conclusion The methods and models employed in various contexts in and of Africa provide a strong methodological foundation for other contexts seeking to discover Christ in their contexts and thus incarnate their spirituality in their setting. There is a lack of intra-contextual and inter-contextual dialogue connecting academia and grass-root settings both in Africa and in Western theologies. I propose that by adopting a post-evangelical approach, which engages with postmodernism, a foundation of empathy with alternative groups and settings would be facilitated. This avoids the certainty trap which inevitably locks groups in a head-to-head confrontational stance as they seek to defend their position rather than discover the truth. Instead, it is possible that the groups align side-by-side on the journey. In this, the Incarnational Model of Contextual Theology post-modernises the Synthetic model with a refining-redeeming gospel to mirror culture rather than refute and reject it. But it finds its deepest meaning in the lives of the groups discovering its depth, and therefore incorporates a deeply spiritual and deeply practical element of praxis. The final aspect of this incarnational model alludes to the need for publishing the outcomes and rooting them in not just the religious practices of various groups, but in their secular lives too. Most importantly is facilitating access to the materials and resources outside of academic circles. Poverty and language will continue to be obstacles to be overcome. While certain contexts are disbarred because the materials are not in an accessible language and while the positive effects of global spread of the message through the internet requires access to that medium, then there will continue to be substantial pockets of every context existing in effective isolation from their academic partners and isolation from other enrichment from other contexts. (Adeyemo 2006) (Akper 2007)(Ballard Pritchard 2006) (Bediako 2004)(Bevans Schreiter 2002)(Chike 2008)(Clarke 2005)(Countryman/Ritley 2001) (Dada 2010)(Donaldson 1996)(Goldingay 1996)(Goss M. West 2000b)(Jenkins 2009)(Mashau Frederiks 2008)(Moloney 1987)(Nadar 2007)(Sankey 1994)(Stuart 2003)(Tennent 2007)(Thomson 2006)(Wilson 1995) (Jenkins 2006)(Jenkins 2007)(Stinton 2004)(G. West 1996) (Culley 1976)(Elliott 1986)(Fahlbusch et al. 1999)(Jewett, 1985)(WILLIAM 2004)(Winquist 1987) Bibliography Background reading Adeyemo, T., 2006. Africa Bible Commentary: A One-volume Commentary Written by 70 African Scholars, Zondervan. Akper, G., 2007. The Person of Jesus Christ in Contemporary African Christological Discourse. Religion Theology, 14(3/4), pp.224-243. Ballard, P.H. Pritchard, J., 2006. Practical Theology in Action, SPCK Publishing. Bediako, K., 2004. Jesus and the Gospel in Africa: History and Experience, Orbis Books. Bevans, S. Schreiter, R.J., 2002. Models of Contextual Theology Revised edition., Orbis Books (USA). Bohache, T., 2008. Christology from the Margins, SCM Press. Brown, C., 1986. New international dictionary of New Testament theology, Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House. Buber, M., 2004. I and Thou (Continuum Impacts) New Ed., Continuum International Publishing Group Ltd. Chike, C., 2008. PROUDLY AFRICAN, PROUDLY CHRISTIAN: THE ROOTS OF CHRISTOLOGIES IN THE AFRICAN WORLDVIEW. Black Theology: An International Journal, 6(2), pp.221-240. Clarke, C.R., 2005. Towards a Functional Christology Among AICs in Ghana. Mission Studies: Journal of the International Association for Mission Studies, 22(2), pp.287-318. Countryman/Ritley, 2001. Gifted by Otherness, Thomas More Press. Culley, R.C., 1976. Semeia 5, Oral Tradition and Old Testament Studies, Society of Biblical Literature. Dada, A.O., 2010. REPOSITIONING CONTEXTUAL BIBLICAL HERMENEUTICS IN AFRICA TOWARDS HOLISTIC EMPOWERMENT. Black Theology: An International Journal, 8(2), pp.160-174. Donaldson, L.E., 1996. Semeia 75: Postcolonialism and Scriptural Reading, Society of Biblical Literature. Elliott, J.H., 1986. Semeia 35: Social-Scientific Criticism of the New Testament and Its Social World, Society of Biblical Literature, Scholars Pr. Fahlbusch, E. et al., 1999. The Encyclopedia of Christianity: (A-D) v. 1 (Encyclopedia of Christianity, Brill. Goldingay, J., 1996. Models for Interpretation of Scripture, William B Eerdmans Publishing Co. Goss, R.E. West, M., 2000a. Take Back the Word A Queer Reading of the Bible, Pilgrim Press. Jenkins, P., 2006. The New Faces of Christianity: Believing the Bible in the Global South, OUP USA. Jenkins, P., 2007. The Next Christendom: The Coming of Global Christianity Revised edition., OUP USA. Jenkins, P., 2009. The Lost History of Christianity: The Thousand-year Golden Age of the Church in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia, Lion Publishing plc. Jewett,, R., 1985. Semeia 30: Christology and Exegesis: New Approaches, Society of Biblical Literature. Lovejoy, A., 1990. The Great Chain of Being New edition., Harvard University Press. Mashau, T.D. Frederiks, M.T., 2008. Coming of Age in African Theology: The Quest for Authentic Theology in African Soil. Exchange, 37(2), pp.109-123. Meel, B., 2005. Community perception of traditional circumcision in a sub-region of the Transkei, Eastern Cape, South Africa. Available at: http://www.safpj.co.za/index.php/safpj/article/viewArticle/256 [Accessed December 7, 2010]. Moloney, R., 1987. AFRICAN CHRISTOLOGY. Theological Studies, 48(3), pp.505-515. Musk, B., 2008. The Certainty Trap: Can Christians and Muslims Afford the Luxury of Fundamentalism, Nadar, S., 2007. CONTEXTUAL THEOLOGICAL EDUCATION IN AFRICA AND THE CHALLENGE OF GLOBALIZATION. Ecumenical Review, 59(2/3), pp.235-241. Sankey, P.J., 1994. The church as clan: Critical reflections on African ecclesiology. International Review of Mission, 83(330), p.437. Spicq, C.E., 1994. Theological lexicon of the New Testament, Peabody, MA.: Hendrickson. Stinton, D.B., 2004. Jesus of Africa: Voices of Contemporary African Christology, Orbis Books. Stone, K., 2001. Queer Commentary and the Hebrew Bible, Pilgrim Press. Stuart, E., 2003. Gay and Lesbian Theologies: Repetitions and Critical Difference, Ashgate Publishing Limited. Tennent, T.C., 2007. Theology in the Context of World Christianity: How the Global Church Is Influencing the Way We Think about and Discuss Theology, Zondervan. Thomson, A., 2006. Learning from the African Experience: Bediako and Critical Contextualisation. Evangelical Review of Theology, 30(1), pp.31-48. West, G., 1996. Semeia 73: READING WITH: EXPLORATION OF INTERFACE BETWEEN CRITICAL AND ORDINARY READINGS OF THE BIBLE, Society of Biblical Literature. West, G.O. Shomanah, M.W.D., 2000. The Bible in Africa: transactions, trajectories, and trends, BRILL. WILLIAM, S., 2004. DOGMATIC THEOLOGY 3RD ED HB 3rd ed., EVANGELICAL PRESS. Wilson, N., 1995. Our Tribe: Queer Folks, God, Jesus, and the Bible, Harpercollins. Winquist, C.E., 1987. Semeia 40: Text and Textuality, Scholars Press.

Simulation Essay -- essays research papers

Analysis of the Stock Market Simulation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many risks that people take in their lives. Yet, investing in the stock market is one of the riskiest things to do. All the money that has been saved over years, possibly saved over a lifetime, could all be lost in the blink of an eye. The Great Depression was triggered by the most well-known stock market crash in history, another crash happened in 1987, and one could happen any moment. However, people invest to make money and through this simulation strategies and a basic understanding were compiled to get a perspective on the risk and tasks involved in investing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although not one of the high-ranking people in the class, the outcome of the simulation was not a bad one. I lost about five-hundred and seventy dollars. Yet, I could have done much worse. If I had invested the money in a CD or a savings account, rather than in the stock market, I would never have lost any money to begin with. In a CD or a savings account, there is a fixed interest rate and so your money always increases. There is also a fixed rate of return, whatever money you put into the bank, whenever you want to take it out it is there. Yet when investing in the stock market there is not set rate of return. In the simulation, my rate of return on the stocks that I invested in was -3.43% (for six months). Even though I lost money, I did better than I thought I would have done in the simulation. Going into the project I knew nothing and I adjusted and began to understand and succeed towards the end.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While investing in the stock market at the beginning of the simulation, I would pick well-known companies, such as Wal-mart or Exxon- Mobil, to invest in. Yet, as the simulation continues and I kept dropping the rankings, I decided a change of pace was necessary. To make sure that I was investing in the right stocks, I would view the portfolio of the person in first or second in the rankings and invest in whatever investments seem to work for them. In some cases they worked for me and in some cases they turned out not to be so good. Usually, the person in first or second place was able to cheat the system and split their stocks. Since I don’t know how to do that, they would sometimes split the stock that I had invested in, so for me the stock wouldn’t do me ... ...mpletely foreign to me when we began the simulation. Yet, after the simulation is complete and the unit is tied up I have a better understanding of the language. I might not understand how to split a stock on the simulation, but I know why it is a good thing and what would happen if I did it. I know now to buy to cover when I short sell stocks. The most important thing I took out of the simulation though was not the language. Although useful, it was learning and experiencing, a little bit, of the risk involved in investing in stock. If I had not learned about the stock market, or the risk involved, I could have invested in the future and lost all my life savings. Or I could have not done it and missed out on making a lot of money.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although the simulation was helpful and I learned a lot from it, there were times when I did not even look at the website. There was a long time when I didn’t make any transactions and I know that went for the whole class too. In the future, maybe it might me better if you had to make a certain amount of transactions per week, because it is a project and there is learning that needs to be done. And sometimes, there wasn’t.

Cigarette Ad Essay -- essays research papers

Smoking Your Health Away   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Puff, puff, puff . . . ummm the cool fresh taste of smoke in your lungs. Doesn’t that taste good Well, depending to whom you talk to, a variety of answers are possible. It is interesting though, that we, as a society, actually are still deceived into believing the false promises of happiness and bliss from smoking cigarettes. In our society people still deny and forget the fact that smoking causes lung cancer and directly kills over a million people every year, and that is just what tobacco advertisement departments would like to have you forget. Nowadays, advertising has become a major part of American society today. Everywhere you go there is advertising to be seen and absorbed by the consumer population. Nowadays, every company has a specific company inside the big business that’s sole purpose it to come up with interesting and new ways to promote its product. One industry that has been under fire for the types of advertising done during the last ten years is the tobacco industry. Major tobacco companies, specifically the R.J. Reynolds and Laramie corporations, spend millions of dollars each and every year, selectively advertising to older audiences in the Camel ad and to people who are socially active like the ones in the Newport ad, by intentionally using popular icons like Joe Camel and American ideals like the red, white, and blue coloring in the Camel ad, and by using human emotions like desire and popularity that everyone can relate to as found in the Newport ad, all in an attempt to sell a specific idea . . . cigarettes are pleasurable and enjoying to smoke.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the advertisement put out by the R.J. Reynolds Company showcasing its Camel cigarettes, the attempt is made to seduce the customers into believing that it is hip and cool to smoke cigarettes. The first thing you notice in this particular advertisement is the large puffy red Afro donned by the man perfectly centered in the ad. He seems to be a throwback to the seventies when there was a collective feeling of freedom and invincibility enjoyed by the youth growing up in that era. It seem this man is living a surreal world full of bliss and happiness. His long smooth sideburns, small golden sunglasses tinted with a fresh color of purple, and attention-grabbing starred blue suede shirt with the leather pul... ...sements have a very cunning way of anticipating and targeting what kind of person the company wants to carry on the tradition of smoking cigarettes. In the Camel ad, they concept is mixing the old with the new, while in the Newport ad the whole idea is having fun and being part of a larger group. Also, both of the ads use specific coloring to enhance the product. The American red, white, and blue in the Camel ad, and the trademark green in the Newport ad. It is also interesting to compare what the Camel ad has that the Newport ad does not. For one the Camel advertisement actually has a man smoking a cigarette in the ad in comparison to no cigarette shown in the Newport ad. Also, on the Camel ad it is noticeable that there is a surgeon generals warning on the bottom left corner of the ad, informing people on the risks of smoking cigarettes. This is not found anywhere on the ad for the Newport cigarettes and possibly lets the prospective consumer be at ease not seeing the awful ris ks of smoking and what it actually does to people. Finally, in comparing both of these advertisements, both of them are effective ads that clearly convey the intended ideas of both companies, respectively.

Comparing John Milton’s Paradise Lost to Pleasantville Essay -- Compar

Comparing John Milton’s Paradise Lost to Pleasantville I don’t know if I connected the experiential dots with any dexterity regarding John Milton’s Paradise Lost until I visited Disney World recently. It wasn’t until Mickey Mouse, Cinderella, Cruella De Vil, Jafar the evil sorcerer, the Beauty, and the Beast came down Main Street, U.S.A. that I was more able to appreciate the prodigiousness of the procreative masque within Paradise Lost. Panorama grabs the viewer; and, with a mere touch of the remote control, it thrusts him/her into Eden, Main Street, or Pleasantville. Panorama doesn’t settle for facile spectatorship; it invites the viewer into the action and synchronizes the viewer’s pulse with the pulse of its [panorama’s] own creative slide show. To ignore that invite is to not only avoid the tree of knowledge, but to refuse its existence. That tree was not put in the garden to be ignored but to be avoided – a challenge of our obedience towards a sovereign, a tempter of our curiosi ty, a pulse quickener. And so we sat there in the cool of the shade from our own tree, askance of Main Street but within reach of the remote. We were just far enough away to observe the parade with condescension and just close enough to feel the discomfort of the sorcerer’s leer. First the big mouse, then the princess, then Goofy, then the sorcerer, then the beast – always the beast. I watched the 5-year-old near me and wondered if he felt like Adam may have felt on that lofty mount, as Michael revealed one dramatic historical upheaval after another. I was glad that I didn’t have to worry, didn’t have to get involved. I was happy to know that this bit of fancy was but a type of reality, scripted by that master of artifice, Walt Disne... ...ly â€Å"delivers† both of his worlds by becoming part of the panorama. He pushes the remote button and affects the circumspection of the real with the creativity of the fanciful. The real and the fanciful have an almost singular or codependent relationship with one another; neither can be ignored in attending to the health of the other. In Bud’s situation, the absenteeism of his corporeal nature is illumined by the activism of his panoramic experience. At the end of the movie â€Å"Pleasantville,† Bud is able to take a satisfying look into the television screen, the conduit for his panorama, and know that he was taken out of the shade and into the light. He risked joining the pageantry and ended up having a good day. Next time I’ll sit closer to the parade. Work Cited Milton, John. Paradise Lost. 1674. Ed. Scott Elledge. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1993.

Perpetual Help System Essay

1. What do you think is the function of the nictating membrane, and why ? The nictitating membrane is a protective, semi-transparent third eyelid. It allows vision while giving the eye extra protection. In the case of frogs, the protection is needed when the frog is out of the water. The clear nictitating membrane allows the frog to keep looking for prey – and looking out for herons and other hunters! – while its eyes are protected from dust and from the drying effects of the air. 2. A frog does not chew its food, what do the positions of its teeth suggest about how the frog uses them ? That they are intended for gripping, not for chewing. The 4 teeth a frog has, are positioned with 2 on the sides and 2 in the center, and are angled toward the throat. This helps keep the food going in the direction of the digestive tract†¦but unable to back out of the mouth. 3. Trace the path of food through the digestive tract. In the frog’s mouth there is a front hinged tongue. This flips food into the gullet, which is the entrance to the esophagus. The food is moved down into the stomach by muscle contraction. The stomach breaks food down mechanically using its multiple muscle layers. It also secretes enzymes to convert complex nutrients into simpler ones. The enzymatic breakdown continues in the small intestine where the simpler nutrients are also then absorbed. The left over material is passed on to the large intestine where water may be absorbed from the mixture. 4. Trace the path of blood through the circulatory system. The Deoxygenated blood flows from the body into the right atrium. Oxygenated blood from the lungs flows into the left atrium. Since frogs have only one ventricle, the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mixes in the ventricle. From there, blood flows into the truncus arteriosus that contains a spiral valve to separate and lead the blood out into the body. 5. Trace the path of air through the respiratory system. Nostrils -> Nasal Cavity -> Pharynx -> Larynx -> Trachea -> Bronchi -> Bronchioles -> Lungs -> Alveoli 6. Trace the path of sperm in a male and eggs in a female. Male: Testes produce sperm, move through sperm ducts into the cloaca. Female: Ovaries produce eggs, move through oviducts into uteri, then through the coaca. 7. Trace the path of urine in both sexes. Urine is formed in the distal tubules of the nephron in the kidneys. It accumulates in the renal pelvis, then travels down the ureters to the bladder. Then it goes through the urethra to the outside. 8. Which part of the frog’s nervous system can be its abdominal cavity and hid legs? The Spincal cord and the muscualr system which mainly takes place in the thigh 9. Suppose in a living frog the spinal nerve extending to the leg muscle were cut. What ability would the frog lose? Why? In any vertebrates, all coordinated response movements and actions would be disabled from the point the nerve was injured and down. Severed spinal damage will kill the animal. 10. The abdominal cavity of a frog at the end of hibernation season would contain very fat bodies or move at all. What is the function of the fat bodies? To pertain its energy lose, from being lack to food. 11. Structures of an animal’s body that fit it for its environment are adaptions. How do frog’s powerful legs help it to fit into a life both in water and land? On land, the frog’s hind legs are what enables the frog to leap, and in the water, it uses its hind legs for swimming. Being able to leap quickly on land, and to swim just a quickly is one of the frog’s best defenses in avoiding predators. 12. During 1 mating of frogs, female lays some 2000 to 3000 eggs in water as the male sheds millions of sperm over them. How do these large numbers relate to the frog’s fitness for life in water? Frogs are very fit for life in water reproductively, because the large numbers of eggs and offspring will help to ensure some individuals survive to reproductive adulthood.

Nursing Students at any College

Considering a treat tutorshiper merchantman be both(prenominal) challenging and at the same period rewarding. It is a commitment that needs judgment of conviction and effort in order to alleviate others go perpetually coning to modify their knowledge. Nursing is non for every unmatchable, it is for the elite. sluice though it is a trend it does not suppose everyone sack up pursue the career. For learners who are in this field it has neer occurred that any(prenominal)one took it so lightly. The pressure is ever so there unless they need to put a grinning on their faces in front of their patients no matter how hard it is to work and study at the same clipping. wizard scholarly person in a prestigious nurture is at his third grade. He knew it along that he was going to pursue a nursing career. He has his mind-set since he was a kid and now exactly a year to go in advance he graduates. Although he wanted to be a nurse, he could not decline the fact that stre ss is the main contraceptive device to his goal.On the other hand another(prenominal) educatee from a different shoal is at his fourth and final year in nursing. At first he never wanted to be a nurse, thinking that it would be hard to care for someone he barely knows. by and by the span of four years he realized that everything was a misconception. It is not average the hard work. It is the feeling of fulfillment when he ensures his patient go out of the infirmary thanking him for the care that he has given.After interacting with some savants, I realized that nursing is not a walk in the commonalty career. Nursing is not as open as caring it requires knowledge and mildness while performing a task. song is always present in any job. Nursing is a good vitrine of a very stressful career. It is never a sedentary job that requires time and energy while performing your job. Even as student, they are trained nether pressure. Every nursing student cares for their patients while thinking about their report which is one of the scenarios of stress in any student taking up this course.It is admirable to see students managing their time. They tend to think about their priorities than having pastime with their peers. During weekends, there are times that they applyt even have a break. Somehow they have to go to the infirmary during weekends to get their patients entropy before their exposure in the hospital the following mean solar day.The profession is based on taking care of other pile but it is very substantial to fool away care of your own well-being. One awry of students is that they think much about their patients and they block off about themselves. It is essential to be wide-awake on personal health. You need to give in good care of yourself before you can take care of others.Learning is constant in this career. There are always new updates of the old concepts that every student should be aware of. Books are not just the source of informatio n these days. With the suppositional knowledge a student is render with the know how in applying it in the field.One of the most important aspects of nursing is teamwork. Collaborating with the co-nurses is a must in maximizing the intervention for each patient. Planning with the team can result to lesser effort and more effective intervention.Even as student nurses, they are considered as modern day heroes. But as humans there are also limits. It is very important to know your limitations, students should never intervene with the duties that but a registered nurse can do. alternatively of helping they might end up making the situation worse.ReferencesAntai-Otong, Deborah (2003). Psychiatric Nursing, biologic and Behavioral Concepts .Singapore Thomson Asian variantC. Dailing, Personal Communication, July 28, 2007M. Sharks, Personal Communication, July 29, 2007

Class Prophecy of Batch 2010 in Morms.Doc Essay

Most of us would agree that the long time we spent in noble naturalize were certainly the best daytimes of our lives. unfor set outtable hotshots I suggest. It was in luxuriously shoal dayhouse that we do our gr suffer-up friends, competed to excel, hoped for come ins in the sports team, toiled to lead in the student council, and yielded to construct equationt in the aim organ. It was similarly in high nurture when we stigmatiseoff felt and experienced to love puppy love as battalion say. Thus, it is indeed in this chapter that we t each(prenominal)yt lessons about manners that what lies lay d takeation us and what lies before us be bantam matters comp bed to what lies within us. And it is inevitable that we encounter obstacles on the counselling, from which we go out to fight and to be strong.The company of 2008 has come on way since the freshman social class at San Francisco lavishly coach, and memories come flooding dorsum constantlyy snip w e reminisce each high drill happening. comp permitely of which were joyous, worth remembering and unique in their avouch right.I. Igniting the inner light freshmen categoryAnxiety fill the air as freshmen wandered during the opening classes in San Francisco utmost crop. All of whom were thinking who their adviser, teachers and classmates w resuscitateethorn be. And as the school bell rang, both freshman began to walk hurriedly along the school grounds to finally try their destination their pertly home(a). Thus, the meandering class of 2008 came unitedly under wizard roof in the vacuous walls of Molave edifice. Consequently, here is where our story began.Everyone dancingt unto their respective classrooms, and as they found themselves seats to sink in, murmurings started to conquer the place. Then a glaciating breeze seemed to stun every freshman and jerked them silent, way too different from the uncouth noisy c whipchats, chants and joke heard within the four corne rs of a classroom.The number one day of classes in high school menageifies that to be a freshman is to be in self-command of a wonderful thing season. There is date to figure out what you want to do with your life, clipping to figure out what books you want to read. There is clipping to clear up friends.This was the time of building friendships once again, for each may watch parted with old friends and that new even offs of reason out acquaintances are to be developed. That I think is what macrocosm a freshman is all about to beat again.Our freshmen family may render been unique compared to the separate course of studys for it was in our time when the school decorum or dress code was changed, so that the boys could extend black pants instead of kaki pants. It was also in our time when the Department of Education starting launched a project to further intensify the function of education in public high schools the nosepiece Program. Yes, we go out never forg et this class. Every time we remember it, a painstaking examination flows back into our minds. And as days passed, we encountered some(prenominal) more mind-boggling and constraining tests to cogitate on. Take the subject field motion Test that welcomed us at our first year at SFHS as an example. But finished all these, we came to the extent to study more, learn more and engage more knowledge.Our days in San Francisco high up School continued to pass by and progress started to set in to our school as it welcomed development and change. The usual flood-prone and muddy area by the entrance of the Molave Building was indeed transformed into something more accessible as the drainage was improved and pathways concretized. Likewise, the school cafeteria with dull, tedious and deadening ambiance has become lively, bright and auspicious, notwithstanding was unfortunately set on fire months after the renovation. withal the aforementioned concerns, every freshman continued to swan a strong bond of relationships with their new classmates and schoolmates, overcoming the grief they felt as they went separate ways amongst round-eyed friends. And the once aloof, coy, and cold-hearted freshmen were turned steadfastly amicable. Hence, this was the time of being true and showing who you genuinely are . . . again.sometimes our light goes out however is blown again into flame by an encounter with another benevolent being. Each of us owes the deepest thanks to those who have rekindled and kindled this inner light.II. Shoreline of ripening up sophomore yearDont be terror-struck to offspring a big step if one is indicated you puket cross a chasm in dickens microscopical jumps.This is the time of schooling where learning requires maturity where the playful freshmen turn out to be dreamers. And that these dreamers learn to plan for their lives on what they desire to become and what paths they ought to take. It is in our sophomore year that we began to write our own plans and arrangements for our own succeeding(a).As San Francisco higher(prenominal) School welcomed back the class of 2008 for their sophomore year, the school then waved goodbye to Dr. Consolacion Montano, principal, as she moved to another high school. SFHS then heartily force outisterdid its gates for the arrival of their new headland of authorities, for their new school principal, Dr. Milagros San Juan. This was surprisingly a intelligence activity geological fault event for the school at that moment. era flew and San Francisco mettlesome School started to embrace changes and improvements initiated by the causal agent of the newly ap smirched principal of the school, Dr. San Juan. In the first three months of her service, she revised the mission-vision of the school focusing on faculty member excellence and the realization of students and teachers giftedness, which dramatically changed the attitudes of twain the teachers and students.Also, Dr. San Juan orga nized an infrastructural set-up in the school to produce a more conducive learning environment among the students and in lieu of the pending condemnation of the old Narra Building. Indeed, through the collaborative endeavour of the school administrators, stakeholders and Quezon city government activity, a four-storey 18-classroom building has started its structural foundation in San Francisco laid-back School and has become operational in our jr. year. Meanwhile, the Dao and PUP Buildings in SFHS underwent renovation for replacement of cover and repainting.Clearly, Dr. San Juans vision for SFHS in pursuit for academic excellence beyond mediocrity has slowly do mathematical and she cited that SFHS testament regain its pride in due time.It was also in the plight of Dr. San Juans arrival that SFHS first celebrated its founding anniversary after many years . . . after several decades. And from boring and tiresome schooldays, the students then enjoyed various school activities such as seminars, workshops, symposiums and trainings which honed their virtues and intellect, all necessary as they grow.The growing students of class 2008 have come to the point of hitching their wagons to a star. Believing that dreaming is the beginning of success, these sophomores then begun to mold their future in their young minds. It is acquit that the future holds great opportunities. It also holds pitfalls. The trick of come through is to seize the opportunities and avoid the pitfalls. Opportunity comes provided once, precisely when it does not knock, you must learn to build a door.Growing up is not that easy for growing requires valor and bravery as one meets challenges and hindrances along the way. It takes courage to grow up and become who you really are.III. Steering with countless sudor junior yearThe best helping hand that you will ever receive is the one at the end of your own arm.All downhill comes this year. It is circumstantial that in this chapter of high s chool life, a myriad of responsibilities is at par facing the junior students for here is where they are learn and honed in preparation for the duties that bear them.All new academic school year at San Francisco High School and all new happenings for the juniors to encounter and celebrate. primary was the transformation of the school library into something innovative as it coped with the technological advancements of the community the school library went online. give thanks to the Quezon City Government and Quezon City Division of City Schools. Second in line was the commemoration of the schools 49th founding anniversary again, a day of joy and euphoria.Nevertheless, the feeling of excitement ablaze(p) upon each junior when the news about the young and major(postnominal) shopping mall came about. February passed and March came. Finally the mall was held . . . after years. This most awaited moment was obturate packed with programs, great music, tasty food, glamorous egg attires, and the highlight of the evening the ball. Not to mention the turn-over ceremonies of responsibilities from seniors to juniors that indicates abatement to the fourth years, but the beginning of busy schooldays for the third years. However, the night was then enjoyed with relish and season by all, particularly the juniors, setting aside the duties that await them. The stroll was over and each student went home with smiles on their faces.Looking back weeks before the prom, the haughty Student Government (SSG), formerly Student Council had its preference of new set of officers for the next academic school year. The positions from the chairman down to the year level representatives were opened to those who are willing to dedicate their service, time and effort for the school. All of which were struggled by the three competing party lists namely Uno Kabataan, YOUNG and CUP. All were devoted to coif the school, but only a few were to be chosen.after a democratic school wi de voting, the student body has elected their new leaders. The juniors turned leaders, Alexis Ailex Villamor Jr., President Rose-lyn Ann Reyes, Vice-President Leira Anne Nolasco, Secretary Adelpha Gonzales, Treasurer Armie Saces, Auditor Judith Regine Santos, P.I.O Mary dramatize Papa, Peace Officer and the so called Magic quadruple, Ma. Rose Solas, Ferdie Javier, Janine Joy Ilagan, and Kristine Joy Torela, fourth year representatives, then metamorphosed to responsible students for they ought to show off what they can do next year.Continuity of vision and stipulate goal are necessary requirements for upcoming seniors, meaning(a) aspects in striking the aim. Obstacles come at every chance and these are those frightful things that one sees when he takes his eyes off his goal. All that one can do is spit in the eye of his dismays by living each day with as more than passion and commitment as possible to what in truth counts, such as love and justice. To give into the fear and hop elessness would be to declare defeat something that one is not ready to do while in that location is still the will to struggle.To be nobody but yourself in a world which is doing its best, night and day, to make you everybody else means to fight the hardest battle which any humanity being can fight and never check fighting. Remember that we cannot direct the wind, but we can limit the journey.All our dreams for our school, family and ourselves can come true . . . if we have the chivalry to pursue it. Go for it now. The future is promised to no one.IV. Setting adrift senior yearDo not follow where the path may lead. Go, instead, where there is no path and leave a trail.Senior year the final lap. New dreams are to be dreamed new hopes are to be hoped for, and a lot new works are to be worked on. The once little youngsters have now swelled and became young adults, that from playing and chatting, they will now stake and handle over great responsibilities and obligations duly b equeathed unto them by the previous senior students. In line with their duties in school, they then approached the instance of making the hardest decision. That their future counts on the manifestation of this decision. Eventually, stories of triumph, success, loss and frustration are judge from this new journey.In preparation for the opening of classes, the Brigada Eskwela of San Francisco High School, spearheaded by the School Governing Council (SGC), went beyond the National School Maintenance Week and won second place, welcoming the students with festal pleasure and felicity. This was made possible by the noble and spectacular work of the SGC.step by step moving forward, the seniors went to school with vigor as the school year started. The first week of school was a mere catastrophe, if I may say. For the school cafeteria alongside the Narra Building was torn down accidentally by the SM construction team, passing the area with looms of rocks, shut glasses and cluttered piece s of wood. However, the company vowed of replacing those that were unmake in due time. However, classes continued and academic association elections were held, signifying more obligations for the seniors to deal with.Through the commitment of the Hon. Cong. Vincent Bingbong Crisologo to see to it that government resources entrusted under his discretion be utilized for the general welfare of the citizenry he graciously turned-over an audio-speech laboratory to the school for the productivity of the English linguistic communication amongst students. The laboratory was built at the fourth appal of the SB Hall. Our profound gratitude to Congressman Crisologo But our thoughts of gratitude have not stopped there, as part of San Francisco High Schools Anniversary Celebration, the SGC and SM bag jointly conducted medical-dental-optical missions last July and August, and it turned out to be a big success. Another record in school history. Thanks to the SGCs continuing support, comrad ery and rapport subsequently all the effort of the School Governing Council, its time for the Supreme Student Government to step its foot in preparation for the schools Golden Jubilee Celebration. To prove that the officers of the SSG were indeed subject of leading the school, the organization volunteered to preside and prepare the programs for the celebration. After several discussion and come acrosss, the SSG decided to hold a Sports Festival, which served as a treat to the students and teachers. They also came up with the theme S.O.S (Save Our Students) Needing collective efforts towards academic excellence, with the help of Dr. San Juan herself and Mrs. Virginia Amin. With only one week preparation, the SSG, administrators and stakeholders furnished out the program and other necessary materials and equipments for the celebration.The 29th of September came, and the fiftieth Founding Anniversary of San Francisco High School was successfully commemorated in spite of the not-so-f riendly weather. Surely, happiness and enjoyment aboundingly invaded everyones hearts as they involve themselves in the diachronic event of the school. Other programs that kept students involved were the Mr. and Ms. San Francisco 07, the leaders for Juan seminar and workshop, Books in Motion of the English Club, Poster, Logo and catchword Making Competitions, Student Debate regarding Honesty, Industry and Nationalism, tutorial Sessions, Gulayan sa Paaralan of the PTA and a lot more.Year 2008 was a leap year and with the phenomenal February 29, the 2008 Junior and Senior Promenade was held. Though the seniors excitement was not as such(prenominal) as last years, everyone still enjoyed the evening. Thus, feeling of sadness abound the dance floor as seniors danced along with slow music, knowing that this was the last prom that they would attend. Yet, tears have no place on the center stage when loud music jammed, breaking the silence.The celebration still continued as our days in Sa n Francisco High School passed, for our batch has successfully brought honor and pride to the school as we reaped places in annual competitions Secondary Schools Press Conferences territory , incision and regional levels and qualified the home(a) level, Student Technologists and Entrepreneurs of the Philippines (STEP) Skills Competitions district and division levels, Values Education Competitions district, division and national levels, Dance Competitions topped by the schools pride, Pamanadanse, Poster and guide word Making Contests, Essay Writing and Oratorical Competitions orthogonal school, Math Challenges, and in the SB Centrex, Center for goodness a help in regaining the schools prowess. And we are happy that we would be leaving San Francisco High School a better place for what we have done and what we have been.Hence, as we set adrift, as we leave our Alma Mater, and as we venture through another life, we can presume that we have left wing a legacy a trail that others may follow and an inspiration to those who are next in line.Graduation day is yet to come. Graduation day fills the heart with mixed feelings fulfilment and sadness, anxiety and eagerness. Seniors will say goodbye to the comfortable and secure life within the high school walls. Everyone must get ready to march to the beat of college life. The uncertainty of the future looms large over new graduates as they revolve out their wings. Armed with diplomas and idealistic dreams, they charge up with enthusiasm.The fireworks begin today. Each diploma is a light up match. Each one of the graduates is a fuse. Each one then must dream no small dreams for they have no power to move the hearts of men. One must not be afraid on attaining great things. Our deepest fear is not that we are inadequate. Our deepest fear is that we are powerful beyond measure. It is our light, not our darkness that most frightens us. We ask ourselves, who am I to be brilliant, gorgeous, talented, and fabulous? Actu ally, who are you not to be?We are children of God. Our small plays do not serve the world. There is nothing enlightened about shrinkage so that other people wont feel insecure around you. We are all meant to shine, as children do. We were born to make manifest the doughnut of God that is within us. It is not just in some of us it is in everyone. And as we let our own light shine, we unconsciously give other people permission to do the same. As we are liberated from our own fear, our presence automatically liberates others. snatch up for the moon, even if we miss, well land among the stars let us hit our goal so that he will hit his too.Commencement exercises are not the end its just the beginning. And as the graduating class of 2008 dresses in equal caps and gowns, each and everyone would say with pride, The tassels worth the ado At this moment of our lives, our families are extremely towering of us. We cant imagine the sense of stand-in they are experiencing.This must be a sign of parting salutation to friends, but let us not be dismayed at goodbyes. A farewell is necessary before you can meet again. And meeting again, after moments or lifetime, is certain for those who are friends.Well, its March 23, 2008, and our history doesnt end here. As days move onward, well throw off the bowlines and well sail away from the safe harbor. . . Then our story will begin once more. Till we meet again. adiosFor now, five days to go and well set adrift, with a diploma for a sail and lots of nub for oars.